Childhood health consequences of maternal obesity during. Programming effects may be transmissible across generations through both maternal and paternal inheritance, although the mechanisms remain unclear. For women, these risks include heart disease and hypertension. Parental obesity refers to obesity of either parent during pregnancy. A metaanalysis of possible links between maternal body mass index bmi, gestational weight gain, and risk of asthma in offspring concluded that maternal obesity is significantly associated with. In addition to immediate implications for pregnancy complications, increasing evidence implicates maternal obesity as a major determinant of offspring health during childhood and later adult life. While there have been a few reports of detrimental health outcomes in the offspring in response to maternal exercise during pregnancy, the vast majority has shown improvements in offspring metabolic, cancer, and cardiovascular health and disease risk. Maternal lifestyle characteristics during pregnancy, and. Impact of maternal obesity and diabetes on longterm. Determining the consequences of maternal obesity for offspring health. Maternal obesity during pregnancy and cardiovascular.
Maternal obesity, lipotoxicity and cardiovascular diseases. Introduction obesity is an epidemic not only in developed countries but. It is clear that the heart is significantly affected by maternal obesity with a wellestablished link between maternal obesity and cvd in offspring in both human and animal studies. How obesity in pregnancy leads to heart disease in the. Maternal diabetes and autism in offspring the jama network. Origin of maternal age effect in congenital heart disease. Maternal dietinduced obesity can cause detrimental developmental origins of health and disease in offspring. Rcog statement on bmj study on maternal obesity and risk of heart disease in offspring. The maternal risks during pregnancy include gestational diabetes and preeclampsia. Maternal obesity leads to cardiovascular complications in the offspring. Lipotoxicity activates stress signaling cascades and oxidative stress.
To address whether the increased heart weight in offspring of obese dams was a consequence of cardiac remodelling, nonbiased cardiac stereology was performed to assess both ventricular wall and chamber volumes. In general, research examining the impact of maternal exercise during pregnancy on offspring chronic disease risk has been positive. However, the overall increased risk for miscarriage andor birth defects is likely to be small. Given that maternal health has a significant impact on the longterm health of the offspring, it is clear that both type 2 diabetes and obesity are not only a health concern for the mother, but also a growing concern for the generations to come. Preliminary evidence suggests potential implications for. The researchers found that offspring of pregnant mice that consumed a high fat diet developed liver fibrosis, a type of tissue scarring that is a. The mechanisms that link maternal obesity to obesity in offspring and the level of geneenvironment interactions are not well understood, but the early life environment may represent a critical window for which intervention strategies could be. Childrens hospital and research center, oakland, calif. Table 2 adverse offspring outcomes of maternal obesity during pregnancy. Dr gaillard received grant 2017t0 from the dutch heart foundation, grant 2017. The link between in utero and later adult cardiovascular disease was first noticed by barker et al. Obesity during pregnancy is associated with adverse outcomes for the offspring and mother. Both lv and rv volumes were increased in offspring exposed to maternal obesity.
Obesity in pregnancy can also affect health later in life for both mother and child. Maternal obesity and cardiac development in the offspring. Maternal obesity during pregnancy is an important public health problem in western countries. It is not clear whether the association between obesity and chd can be explained by maternal diabetes, a known teratogen, because previous studies have not had detailed information on maternal glucose status. The risk of maternal obesity to the longterm health of. It is clear that the heart is significantly affected by maternal obesity with a wellestablished link between maternal obesity and cvd in offspring in both human and animal studies 4.
We hypothesise that regular moderateintensity exercise during the second half of pregnancy will result in improved. Maternal obesity has been associated with a higher chance for miscarriage and with a higher chance for certain birth defects, such as problems with the heart and spine. Association of gestational weight gain with adverse. Maternal obesity, gestational weight gain and offsprings.
Obesity, cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes are major public health. Obesity is a major public health problem, affecting 35% of the adult population in the united states 1 and complicating up to 20% of pregnancies in this country. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the associations between gwg, maternal prepregnancy bmi and offsprings risk of asthma in a multiethnic, nationally. Maternal obesity predisposes heart diseases in the offspring. Maternal diet during pregnancy can impact offspring for. Whats more, obesity during pregnancy increases the risk of lifelong health problems in children, including obesity, type 2 diabetes, and heart disease. The rate of obesity for the human population has shown to be increased expeditiously in the past decades. Female mice fed a diet high in fat and sugar produced 3 generations of female offspring with metabolic problems.
Maternal obesity during pregnancy has been linked to an increased risk of obesity and cardiometabolic disease in the offspring, a phenomenon attributed to developmental programming. Maternal obesity, gestational weight gain and offsprings asthma. Maternal obesity could also lead to poorer cognitive performance and increased risk of neurodevelopmental disorders, including cerebral palsy. In addition, approximately 40 % of women gain an excessive amount of weight during pregnancy in western countries. Maternal dietinduced obesity programs cardiovascular.
Maternal obesity, gestational weight gain, and offspring adiposity. Rcog statement on bmj study on maternal obesity and risk. The short and longterm implications of maternal obesity on the mother and her offspring. The risk of maternal obesity to the longterm health of the offspring. Furthermore, maternal obesity and lack of breastfeeding interact to robustly increase risk for later obesity in the offspring figure 2. Impact of maternal exercise during pregnancy on offspring. Maternal nutritional environment programs metabolic syndrome in offspring. Rodent models have demonstrated the influence of maternal obesity on offspring. Owing to the obesity epidemic, attention has turned to potential influences of maternal obesity body mass index. Maternal obesity and heart disease in the offspring the bmj. Maternal obesity and neurodevelopmental and psychiatric. Evaluation of the association between maternal smoking. Obesity during pregnancy is associated with the development of gestational diabetes and preeclampsia. Maternal obesity and poor nutrition affects the egg reserves in female offspring and may lead to fertility problems in daughters, a new study at university of cambridge in uk has found.
Babies born to obese mothers are at risk for developing obesity, heart disease, and. The impact of maternal obesity on maternal and fetal health. Maternal obesity induce offspring with risk of cardiovascular disease introduction. Maternal obesity and offspring diabetes the mood study rebecca reynolds, marius lahti, jane norman, sohinee bhattacharya, robert lindsay, sarah wild. Origin of maternal age effect in congenital heart disease risk for offspring by claire elaine schulkey a dissertation presented to the graduate school of arts and sciences of washington university in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of doctor of philosophy december 2014 st. In this chapter, we examine the importance of maternal prepregnancy weight status, gestational weight gain, breastfeeding, and postpartum weight. A bmj study published today looks at whether maternal obesity during pregnancy is associated with increased mortality from cardiovascular events in. Background congenital heart defects are more frequent in offspring of mothers with overweight or obesity. Maternal obesity has a significant impact on maternal metabolism and offspring development. Obesity, cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes are. The fetus is at risk for stillbirth and congenital anomalies. Keywords body composition, maternal, neonatal, obesity, pregnancy. Interventions may need to begin before pregnancy the prevalence of overweight and obesity in women of childbearing age and in pregnant women has steadily increased over the past 20 years. The majority of studies have found an association between maternal obesity and congenital heart defects chd.
Maternal obesity, gestational weight gain, and offspring. Maternal obesity during pregnancy and cardiovascular development and disease in the offspring. Maternal obesity puts a load on her offspring that lasts a lifetime. According to the centers for disease control and prevention cdc, the primary factor influencing your risk of developing any of. Maternal obesity, poor nutrition linked to fertility.
Determining the consequences of maternal obesity for. The results, published in diabetologia,1 indicate that efforts to reduce overweight and obesity in women before and during pregnancy might reduce the. Antenatal exercise in overweight and obese women and its. To investigate the association between gestational weight gain, maternal age and lifestyle habits e. Maternal obesity is afflicted with many maternal obstetric complications in the offspring including high blood pressure, obesity, gestational diabetes and increased perinatal morbidity.
However, associations between maternal overweight and obesity, and risks of complex and specific heart defects are not clear. Several animal studies have investigated the relationship between maternal obesity and the development of obesity in the offspring 3739. Morris department of pharmacology, school of medical sciences, unsw australia, unsw sydney, nsw 2052, australia. Maternal obesity regulates gene expression in the hearts of offspring m. Pregnancy is associated with metabolic adaptations, including increases in body. Tommys maternal obesity and offspring diabetes the. In utero programming and early detection of cardiovascular disease. Pdf maternal obesity during pregnancy and cardiovascular. Maternal obesity has risen dramatically over the past 20 years, by nearly 42% in africanamericans and 29% in caucasians. Observational studies provide evidence for effects of maternal obesity on her offsprings risks of obesity, coronary heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, and asthma. Obesity in dads may be associated with offsprings increased risk of disease. Maternal obesity regulates gene expression in the hearts. Understanding the factors that contribute to the childhood obesity epidemic in order to identify intervention strategies is a critical public health need, given that obesity is a known risk factor for diabetes and other chronic conditions such as heart disease reilly and kelly 2011. Currently, obesity prevalence rates in pregnant women are estimated to be as high as 30 %.
Maternal obesity programs offspring development and resveratrol. Thus addressing the implications of maternal obesity for offspring outcomes in terms of obesity, insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease cvd is important. Impact of maternal obesity on offspring obesity and. Therefore, it is not surprising that the number of women who are overweight or obese at the time of conception is increasing. It has continuously raised health concerns among the world, and is likely to remain in times to come. Poor maternal diet affects future generations of mice.
The exploring perinatal outcomes among children study jill l. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Corroborative evidence in mammals for the influence of maternal obesity on offspring cardiovascular function is provided by obese pregnancy models in sheep and nonhuman primates, whilst more mechanistic studies in rodents suggest that perinatal exposure to the metabolic and hormonal milieu of maternal obesity may permanently change the central. Lifestyle interventions in pregnancy such as antenatal exercise, are proposed to improve both short and longterm health of mother and child. Perinatal exposure to a highfat diet hfd can lead to later behavioral and metabolic disturbances, but it is not clear which behaviors and metabolic parameters are most vulnerable. Overweight and obesity among women increases the risk of type 1 diabetes in their offspring even when neither parent has diabetes, shows a nationwide cohort study of more than 1. The findings suggest how a mothers obesity can affect her descendants. Influence of maternal obesity on the longterm health of. Obesity has reached epidemic proportions, and the prevalence has more than doubled globally in the last 20 years.
How obesity in pregnancy leads to heart disease in the offspring programming offspring cardiac dysfunction by maternal dietinduced obesity exploring the role of mirnas. Maternal obesity increases type 1 diabetes risk in. The majority of studies have found an association between maternal obesity and congenital heart defects chds. The short and longterm implications of maternal obesity. Overweight is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and cardiomyopathies. Maternal obesity and diabetes mellitus as risk factors for congenital heart disease in the offspring. Lifecycle projectmaternal obesity and childhood outcomes authors.
Researchers supported by tommys are trying to find out why children born to obese mothers are more at risk of heart disease. Gestational diabetes mellitus, maternal obesity, and adiposity in offspring. Maternal obesity, weight gain, and asthma in offspring. Susan e ozanne lead researcher cambridge, university of. Maternal overweight and obesity and risk of congenital heart defects in offspring jennifer brite, mph, 1, 2 sarah katherine laughon, md, ms, 1 james troendle, phd, 3 and james mills, md, ms 1 1 epidemiology branch, division of intramural population health research, eunice kennedy shriver national institute of child health and human development, bethesda, md. Maternal overweight and obesity and risk of congenital. Impact of maternal obesity on offspring obesity and cardiometabolic. Maternal highfat diet may increase offspring risk for. There is a growing body of evidence from both human epidemiologic and animal studies that prenatal and lactational exposure to maternal obesity and high. In rats, exposure to maternal obesity during pregnancy and lactation increased the risk of obesity later in life 37,38. However, new research has shown that even if the delivery goes well, your offspring may suffer as a result of your poor nutrition or obesity. Insulin resistance, glucose homeostasis, fat oxidation and amino acid synthesis are all disrupted by maternal obesity and contribute to adverse outcomes. The peripartum period is a critical period of risk.
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